第四十一讲 现在分词[3]
五、现在分词独立主格结构
1、基本概念
现在分词通常没有自己的主语，分词的动作就是由句子的主语来完成的。例如：
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
因为不知道他的地址，我们无法和她联系。(we --> not know)
He sat in a chair, pretending to read a newspaper.
他坐在椅子上，装着在看报纸。(he --> pretend)
但是，有时候在分词前加了一个名词或代词，分词的动作就是这个名词或代词做的，而不是句子的主语做的。换句话说，分词有自己独立的逻辑主语，逻辑主语与句子的主语并不是同一个人或事物。这时候，分词短语相当于一个简写的短句。我们称这种有自己独立主语的分词，叫分词独立主格结构。
The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it.
月亮自己不发光，仅仅是阳光把它照亮了。(分词：sunlight --> shining)
They being blind men, how could they see the elephants?
他们是盲人，怎么能看见大象？(分词：they --> being)
He sat in front of them, his dusty face masking his age.
他坐在他们的前面，满是灰尘的脸掩盖了他的真实年龄。
2、基本用法
现在分词独立主格结构，主要是用来作句子的状语，表示时间、原因、条件等。例如：
(1) 表时间
The bell ringing, the children all stopped talking.
铃声一响, 孩子们都不说话了。
The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again.
乌云已散去, 太阳又普照大地了。
The question being settled, we went home.
问题解决之后, 我们就回家了。
(2) 表原因
It being a holiday, I went fishing.
那天放假, 我钓鱼去了。
The night being dark, she was afraid to go there.
天黑, 她不敢去那儿。
The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible.
夜里河水上涨, 渡河不可能了。
(3) 表条件
Weather permiting, we’ll have an outing tomorrow.
要是天气许可的话, 我们明天就去郊游。
Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one.
其他方面若都相同, 我将买那件黑的衣服, 不买那件白的。
(4) 表方式或伴随情况
The teacher came in, his hand carring a book.
老师手中拿着书进来了。
Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sportsground.
他们的房间在三层楼上, 窗户俯视着操场。
He guiding her, they stumbled through the street.
他引着她, 两个人蹒跚着穿过那条街。
3、with / without <现在分词独立主格结构>
在现在分词独立主格结构之前，可以加上 with / without，表示“随着/没有”等意思。例如：
With the examinations over, we had a long time to rest.
考试结束了，我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。
I would miss the train, with no one to wake me up.
没人叫我，我会错过火车的。
Without anyone noticing, I slipped out of the room.
没有人任何人注意，我溜出了房间。
She came without anyone accompanying her.
她来了, 没有任何人陪着她。
六、现在分词的否定结构
现在分词的否定式由“not+现在分词”构成。
Not knowing where to go, she went to the police for help.
她不知道该往哪儿走, 就去请警察帮助。
Not seeing John, I asked where he was.
我看不见约翰, 于是问他在何处。
Upon being questioned, he denied having robbed the bank.
在被询问的时候，他否认抢了银行。
The new method, having been widely used abroad,can increase the working efficiency.
这个新方法，即在国外广泛运用的方法，会提高工作效率。
在现在分词否定式中，特别强调一点，即它的被动情况下not 的位置。例如：
Not being seen by anyone, the thief escaped.
那个贼趁无人看见时逃跑了。
此句原意是：When he was not seen by anyone.... 句子中，它的否定是 was not seen，但改成分词后将not 移到了句首，即：not being seen.
Not having done it right, I tried again.
我由于没有做对, 所以又试了试。
此句原意是：becasue I had not done it right，句子中，它的否定是： had not done ，但改成分词后，not 一律移到了句首，即：not having done。
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