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大学英语四级语法精要

作者:佚名    文章来源:新东方    点击数:    更新时间:2020/3/29

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    1. 时态
    1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现
    在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.
    I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
    I’ve been sitting in the garden.
    2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作
    I’d been working for some time when he called.
    We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
    3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.
    By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
    In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
    4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时会业已发生的事.
    I shall have finished this one before lunch.
    They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
    2. 语态
    1) 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:
    He was said to be jealous of her success.
    It was said that he was jealous of her success.
    能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有
    assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
    It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
    The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
    担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:
    Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know
    the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)
    2) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态
    a) 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,
    另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.
    He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
    Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
    b) 宾补结构的被动语态:
    She was called Big Sister by everybody.
    Then he was made a squad leader.
    He was considered quite qualified for the job.
    The room was always kept clean and tidy.
    3. 短语动词
    1) Vi + adv
    The plane took off two hours late.
    2) Vi + prep
    They looked round the Cathedral.
    3) Vi + prep (有被动语态)
    She’s looking after her sister’s children.
    The children were always well looked after.
    4) Vi + adv + prep
    I began to look forward to their visits.
    5) Vt + O + adv
    Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
    The children were brought up by their mother.
    They took him on.
    6) Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)
    I am trying to give up smoking.
    7) Vt + O + prep
    We talked Donald into agreement.
    4. 省略
    1) 在以as, than, when, if, unless等引导的从句中的省略: 在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包含

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