Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four separate propositions.
The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside; migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover. Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English-they would rather have stayed home-by the 18th century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied considerably.
Bailyn’s third proposition suggest two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly,Bailyn suggests that those who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730’s, however, American employers demanded skilled artisans.
Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture. It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.
Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States. Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。
51. According to Bailyn, what plays an important role in the history of preindustrial North America?
A） indentured servants.
B） artisans.
C） migration.
D） mechanism.
52. In the 18th, why did so many British people rush to the US?
A） They were forced to there.
B） Chances attract them to immigrate there.
C） They wanted to expand their territory further.
D） Migrating to the New World was simply a natural spillover.
53. According to paragraph 3, Bailyn’s attitude towards indentured servant employer is .
A） tolerant
B） skeptical
C） interested
D） favor
54. We can infer from the last two paragraphs that .
A） the colonies were a civilized inland of the European culture system
B） puritans lived in New England once made a significant impact on North American culture
C） in his research, Bailyn connected the experience of indentured servants with the political development of the United States
D） in the 1730’s, American employers demanded skilled artisans to develop their new world
55. According to the text, what is the author’s attitude towards Bailyn?
A） Objectivity.
B） Appreciation.
C） Skepticism.
D） Prejudice.
Part Ⅳ Translation （30 minutes）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
中国的官方语言普通话(Mandarin)在美国的学校中突然热起来。由于中国经济在21世纪的快速发展，美国的公立和私立学校纷纷在外语课程中加入汉语这一科目，或将已有的汉语教学项目进行扩展。 据统计，在美国的学校中，有5万名孩子在学习汉语。 但推动汉语项目的发展 不是没有遇到困难。 由于缺乏受过专业训练、持有证书的教师，一些学校很难加入汉语教学的 竞争。 当学校聘用教师时，它们通常直接从中国招聘，这种方式为文化冲突埋下了隐患。
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。
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