SectionⅠ Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points )
Among the devastating consequences of AIDS has 1 its epidemic spread in the developing world. The disease has caused 2 suffering, debilitation, loss of life and disruption of family, social and economic 3. Because of the considerable expense and logistical difficulty in providing antiviral drugs to populations 4 with the human immunodeficiency virus 5 the world, the biomedical community is looking towards vaccines to help solve this compelling problem.
The search for an AIDS vaccine began more than 15 years ago with great 6 and high expectations. With the 7 of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the cause of AIDS, it seemed that a 8 would follow closely behind. But despite a large concerted effort, the problem has proven more difficult than 9, and progress has not 10 the 11 hopes. Here I review the 12 scientific obstacles confronting the development of an effective HIV vaccine, and I consider 13 strategies to overcome these obstacles.
It is instructive to consider the circumstances that have 14 to past successes in vaccine development. The smallpox vaccine is 15 the most successful inventions in the history of 16. Why, 200 years ago, without the benefit of modern biotechnology, did the smallpox vaccine succeed so readily while an AIDS vaccine 17 elusive? The answer lies in an experiment of nature that provided, to an astute observer, a clear direction for smallpox vaccine development. In this classic story of 18 discovery, Edward Jennet noticed that milk maids who had previously contracted cowpox were 19 to smallpox infection. This observation was the critical event leading to the finding that the cowpox virus cross-reacted immunologically with the smallpox virus and could 20 be used to protect against smallpox.
1. A. on B. with C. been D. about
2. A. unpredicted B. uncontrollable C. unimaginable D. unprecedented
3. A. stability B. instability C. permanency D. soundness
4. A. harmed B. infected C. infectious D. infectable
5. A. everywhere B. throughout C. devastating D. occupying
6. A. difficulty B. concern C. optimism D. pessimism
7. A. confirmation B. identification C. information D. precaution
8. A. cure B. capsule C. medication D. vaccine
9. A. ever B. anticipated C. possible D. necessary
10. A. surpassed B. out-balanced C. matched D. rivaled
11. A. origin B. initial C. great D. modest
12. A. majority B. primary C. principal D. premier
13. A. potential B. initiative C. practical D. existing
14. A. lead B. caused C. contributed D. cooperated
15. A. by far B. till now C. among D. considered
16. A. vaccine B. medicine C. smallpox D. AIDS
17. A. slowly B. fails C. remains D. counts
18. A. accidental B. importanc C. scientific D. vaccine
19. A. vulnerable B. resistant C. opposing D. defendant
20. A. safely B. therefore C. as well D. possibly
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark you answers on ANSWER SHEETⅠ.(40 points)
Text 1
On an average of six times a day, a doctor in Holland practices "active" euthanasia: intentionally administering a lethal drug to a terminally ill patient who has asked to be relieved of suffering. Twenty times a day, life-prolonging treatment is withheld or withdrawn when there is no hope that it can effect an ultimate cure. "Active" euthanasia remains a crime on the Dutch statute books punishable by 12 years in prison. But a series of court cases over the past 15 years has made it clear that a competent physician who carries it out will not be prosecuted.
Euthanasia, often called "mercy killing", is a crime everywhere in Western Europe. But more and more doctors and nurses in Britain, West Germany, Holland and elsewhere readily admit to practicing it, most often in the "passive" form of withholding or withdrawing treatment. The long simmering euthanasia issue has lately boiled over into a sometimes fierce public debate, with both sides claiming the mantle of ultimate righteousness. Those opposed to the practice see themselves up-holding sacred principles of respect for life, while those in favor raise the banner of humane treatment. After years on the defensive, the advocates now seem to be gaining ground. Recent polls in Britain show that 72 percent of British subjects favor euthanasia in some circumstances. An astonishing 76 percent of respondents to a poll taken late last year in France said they would like the law changed to decriminalize mercy killings.
Reasons for the latest surge of interest in euthanasia are not hard to find. Europeans, like Americans, are now living longer. The average European male now lives to the age of 72, women to almost 80. As Derek Humphrey, a leading British advocate of "rational euthanasia" says, "lingering chronic diseases have replaced critical illnesses as the primary cause of death."
And so the euthanasists have begun to press their case with greater force. They argue that every human being should have the right to "die with dignity", by which they usually mean the right to escape the horrors of a painful or degrading hospitalization. Most advocates of voluntary euthanasia has argued that the right to die should be accorded only to the terminally and incurably ill, but the movement also includes a small minority who believe in euthanasia for anyone who rationally decides to take his own life.
That right is unlikely to get legal recognition any time in the near future. Even in the Netherlands, the proposals now before Parliament would restrict euthanasia to a small number of cases and would surround even those with elaborate safeguards.
21.According to Paragraph 1, which of the following is not true?
A."Active"euthanasia is regarded as a crime by Dutch law.
B.The doctor who carried out euthanasia will be charged.
C.An unqualified doctor carrying out euthanasia will be accused.
D."Active"euthanasia executives will be sentenced to 12 years imprisonment.
22.Euthanasia is often called"mercy killing", which implies that .
A.people should show sympathy for a terminally ill patient
B.some doctors murder patients shielding themselves from mercy
C.humane treatment to dying patients should be required
D.the dying patients are suffering from the pain and they don’t want to live on
23.Most advocates of voluntary euthanasia hold the opinion that .
A.only terminally ill patients can have euthanasia
B.if anyone who rationally decides to end his life, he can have euthanasia
C.people should respect for life
D.no matter what punishment they get, they’ll carry out euthanasia to patients
24.The author’s attitudes towards euthanasia is .
A.positive B.negative C.objective D.uncertain
25.In Paragraph 2, "boiled over" means .
A.burst(into) B.make the water hot enough to boil
C.cause great anger D.fight one another
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