阅读理解（共两节，每题2分）
阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑．
第一节（每小题 2 分）
3．（8分）Aging brings wrinkles， sagging bodies and frustrating forgetfulness． But getting older is not all bad for many people． Mounting evidence suggests aging may be a key to
happiness． There is conflicting research on the subject， however， and experts say it may all boil down to this： Attitude is everything．
Older adults tend to be more optimistic and
have a more positive outlook on life than their younger and stressed opposites． The big question is why seniors are happier．A recent study suggests one reason：Older adults remember the past through happy
memories． Aging can bring more cheer as people become more comfortable with
themselves and their roles in society． The older adults said they were enjoying more
time with their family， spending more time on hobbies and having greater financial security and
did not have to work．
But others are doubtful about the link
between happiness and growing older．
"The notion that those in old age are
happiest is misleading，" said Richard Easterlin， a professor of economics at the University of
Southern California．"It is based on comparing people of different ages who are the same
in terms of income， health， family life．" Easterlin added， "When you take account of the fact that
older people have lower income than younger， are less healthy， and more likely to be living alone， then you will find it hard to accept that they
are happier．
In fact， scientists have found that as people age，their health declines and social networks
disappear as their friends die， which can make the elderly less happy．
Even if one does give in to age's dark side， health and happiness don't always go hand﹣in﹣hand． It's all about attitude． Research by the University of Chicago's Yang
suggests that attitude about life and happiness， is partly shaped by the era in which a person was
born． It turns out that individuals who adapt the best
to changes also have the highest expected levels of happiness．
Despite the conflicting findings about aging
and happiness， the good news is that there doesn't appear to be a limit to how much
happiness one can achieve in one's life． "Most people desire happiness，" Easterlin said． "To my knowledge， no one has identified a limit to attainable
happiness．"
（1）What does the last paragraph mainly tell us？
C
A．The key factor to older adults' happiness
B．There is a conflict between aging and happiness
C．No one can define the limit to happiness．
D．The relationship between health and happiness．
（2）Why are some seniors happier according to some experts？
A
A．They focus on what makes them feel good．
B．They have their own circle of friends．
C．They have better income after retirement．
D． They can go outing frequently．
（3）What can we learn from the passage？
B
A．People of the same age have the same sense of
happiness．
B．Attitude may play a very important role in
happiness．
C．People who adapt the best to changes are more
likely to be unhappy．
D．Older adults who have more valuable life
experience are more optimistic．
（4）What's the topic discussed in the passage？
A
A．Whether aging or attitude brings happiness．
B．Why seniors adapt the best to changes in society．
C．What the limit to an elder person's happiness is．
D．How older people feel compared with younger people．
【分析】本文主要写了衰老可能是幸福的关键．而态度在幸福中可能起着非常重要的作用．
【解答】1．C 主旨大意题．根据最后一段最后一句To my knowledge，no one has identified a limit to attainable happiness就我所知，没有人能确定幸福的限度．所以答案选C．
2．A 推理判断题．根据第二段Older adults remember the past through happy
memories． 老年人记忆过去幸福的回忆．可以推断出年轻人关注的是什么让他们感觉良好．所以答案选A．
3．B 推理判断题．根据句子Attitude is everything．态度决定一切．可以推断出态度在幸福中可能起着非常重要的作用．所以答案选B．
4．A 主旨大意题．本文主要写了衰老可能是幸福的关键．而态度在幸福中可能起着非常重要的作用．所以A选项是衰老还是态度会带来幸福，所以答案选A．
【点评】考察学生的推理判断能力和联系上下文的的能力，在做推理判断题不要以个人的主观想象代替文章的事实，要根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断．此类的填空题一定要联系上下文，根据上下文的内容加上自己的理解，再作出正确的判断
4．（8分）People have been wondering why elephants do not develop cancer even though
they have lifespans （寿命） that are similar to humans， living for around 50 to 70 years．
Now scientists believe they know why． A team at the University of Chicago， US has found that elephants carry a large number
of genes that stop tumors （肿瘤） developing． To be precise， they found 20 copies of an antitumor gene called
TP53 in elephants． Most other species， including humans， only carry one copy．
According to the research， the extra copies of the gene improved the
animal's sensitivity to DNA damage， which lets the cells quickly kill themselves when
damaged before they can go on to form deadly tumors．
"An increased risk of developing
cancer has stood in the way of the evolution of large body sizes in many
animals，" the study author Dr． Vincent
Lynch told The Guardian． If every living cell has the same chance of
becoming cancerous （癌变的）， large creatures with a long lifespan like whales and elephants should
have a greater risk of developing cancer than humans and mice． But across species， the risk of cancer does not show a connection
with body mass．
This phenomenon was found by Oxford
University scientist Richard Peto in the 1970s and later named "Peto's
paradox （悖论）"． Biologists believe it results from larger animals using protection that
many smaller animals do not． In the elephant's case， the making of TP53 is nature's way of keeping
this species alive．
The study also found that when the same
genes were brought to life in mice， they had the same cancer resistance as elephants． This means researchers could use the discovery to
develop new treatments that can help stop cancer spreading or even developing
in the first place．
"Nature has already figured out how to
prevent cancer，" said Joshua Schiffman， a biologist at the School of Medicine， University of Utah， US． "It's up to us to learn how different
animals deal with the problem so that we can use those strategies to prevent
cancer in people．"
（1）Why are elephants unlikely to develop cancer？
D
A．They have a rather large body size．
B．Their genes suffer no DNA damage．
C．Certain genes in their body kill existing tumors．
D．They carry many genes to prevent tumors developing．
（2）According to the passage，what has been a risk in the evolution（进化）of large animals？
A
A．Deadly tumors．
B．The huge body mass．
C．Cells killing themselves．
D．Sensitivity to DNA damage．
（3）What does the underlined part "This phenomenon" in Paragraph 5
probably refer to？
B
A．Larger animals have protection from TP53．
B．The risk of cancer is not related to body size．
C．Larger animals suffer the same risk of cancer as
smaller ones．
D．The huger animals are， the bigger risk of cancer they will have．
（4）What can be concluded from the passage？
C
A．Depending on nature is surely enough to fight
against cancer．
B．The TP53 genes have proved useful in stopping
cancer in people．
C．Humans are expected to prevent cancer with the
making of TP53．
D．The extra copies of elephants' genes are used to
cure cancer patients．
【分析】本文是一篇科教类阅读，属于说明文，主要讲述的是大象为何很少患癌症的原因，这对人类治疗肿瘤具有非常重要的意义
【解答】1．D 细节理解题．根据文章第三段的A team at the University of Chicago，Us has found that elephantscarry a large number of
genes that stop tumors（肿瘤）from developing美国芝加哥大学的一个团队发现，大象携带大量的基因，阻止肿瘤（肿瘤）的发展，可知大象不得癌症是因为本身具有的基因问题．故选D项．
2．A 细节理解题．根据文章第五段的"If every living cell has the same chance of
becoming cancerous，large creatures with long life spans like whales and elephants should have
a greater risk of developing cancer than humans and mice do如果每一个活细胞都有相同的机会成为癌变，大型动物寿命长像鲸鱼和大象应该有一个更大的比人类和老鼠患癌症的风险"可知，体型大的动物具有得癌症的更大肿瘤．故选A项．
3．B．细节理解题．根据But across species，the risk of cancer does not show a connection with
body size．可知，癌症的风险与体型无关．故选B．
4．C 推理判断题． 根据最后一段"It's up to us to learn how different animals deal with the problem
so that we can use those strategies to prevent cancer in people．"可知是时候了解不同的动物是如何处理这种问题，为了我们可以使用这些策略来预防癌症．而根据倒数第三段In the elephant's case，the making of TP53 is nature's way of keeping this
species alive．可知在大象的案例中，TP53的制作是让这个物种存活的自然方法．由此推知，人们有望通过合成TP53来预防癌症．故选C．
【点评】阅读理解题测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局作出合理的推断；或根据作者所阐述的观点理论，对文章未涉及的现象、事例给以解释．考生首先要仔细阅读短文，完整了解信息，准确把握作者观点．
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